By Jaya Ramachandran
GENEVA | LONDON (IDN) — Climate uncertainty is creating health threats for thousands of migrants as overcrowding and pollution place huge stresses on humanitarian organisations’ ability to provide sanctuary in refugee camps, a new study reveals.
Locating camps in disaster-prone or climate hotspot areas increases their vulnerability and, coupled with stress from overcrowding that increases pressure on water, sanitation, and hygiene resilience (WaSH), leads to the overexploitation of resources.
The combination depletes groundwater, pollutes surface water, changes river dynamics and results in wastewater discharged into rivers—threatening future efforts to help refugees.
Researchers at the University of Birmingham published their findings in the International Journal of Water Resources Development, identifying three key barriers to the sustainability of WaSH in refugee camps:
- environmental health is not widely considered;
- system-wide sustainability pre-planning in access and services quality in camps is absent; and
- impact of interrelated ecological, institutional, and cultural factors is not considered.
The camps—often located in developing countries worst hit by the effects of climate change—are considered as temporary shelters before any viable long-term solution to displacement, such as repatriation or integration into the hosting community, can be achieved.
Professor Iseult Lynch, from the University of Birmingham, commented: “People living in camps often lack safe access to clean water or have a shared toilet system and the health of many is already stressed from water-borne diseases, such as cholera and diarrhoea.
“Public health-related impacts from natural climate disasters or man-made hazards in often-overcrowded refugee camps are more devastating than in any other setting if not prepared for or mitigated through sustainability planning.”
The researchers note that many camps have been operating for decades without effective solutions and face further difficulties in providing access to WaSH services due to the ageing of infrastructure, sudden onset of climate-related disasters and shortages of maintenance.
Just four large camps together accommodate more than one million migrants, and almost 86% of the estimated 82.4 million displaced people are hosted by developing countries, with 65 per cent of camps located in climate hotspots.
The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that most countries can expect to experience at least one large-scale emergency every five years. There are also likely to be more small emergencies, such as disease outbreaks and fires, as well as large disasters, such as monsoon floods or cyclones, with impacts including loss of life, disability and significant loss of livelihoods.
Tahmina Yasmin, a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the University of Birmingham, commented: “By 2050, there could be more than 200 million environmental refugees globally due to the impacts of climate change such as sea-level rise, water security issues, and increased drought/flooding and extreme weather events.
“Long-term provision for climate refugees must be considered, through a system governance approach, to prevent repeated cycles of displacement for the most vulnerable of our fellow humans—as has just happened to refugees in camps in Pakistan.”
As refugee camps are designed to meet the most basic needs—food, water, shelter, and medical treatment—during emergencies as temporary shelters, the researchers support moving to the UNHCR ‘alternatives to camps’ approach. This includes integrating refugees with the community upon arrival or as soon as possible afterwards.
However, the researchers acknowledge that alternatives to camps are complicated and require years of strategic planning and facilitation by host countries to achieve the necessary integration.
Professor Stefan Krause, from the University of Birmingham, commented: “Ensuring provision of the basic services such as WaSH to camps and securing the sustainability of these services is critical, but must be done in such a way that benefits the surrounding local communities.
“Given that camps are home to growing numbers of displaced people, typically in areas that have major infrastructure and poverty challenges, it is vital that ‘alternatives to camps’ are made viable as a matter of urgency through humanitarian organisations and human rights groups developing coherent policies.” [IDN-InDepthNews — 03 December 2022]
Image: Refugees arrive at a ‘temporary’ camp. Source: University of Birmingham.